From Ancient Greece to Modern Times A History of Sunscreen

Protecting skin from the suns harmful rays has always been a concern. Early civilizations fought this danger by utilizing a variety of plant extracts. For example, ancient Greeks used olive oil, and ancient Egyptians used extracts of rice, jasmine, and lupine plants.  Zinc oxide paste has also been popular for skin protection for thousands of years. Interestingly, these ingredients are still used in skincare today. When it comes to the sunscreen we are familiar with, however, all active ingredients are chemically derived, a feat that could not have been possible thousands of years ago. Perhaps thats why most modern sunscreens were invented by chemists. So, who is responsible for the invention of sunscreen, and when was sunscreen invented? There are several different inventors who have been credited over time as being the first to develop the protective product. Who Invented Sunscreen? In the early 1930s, South Australian chemist  H.A. Milton Blake  experimented to produce a sunburn cream. Meanwhile, the founder of LOreal, chemist Eugene Schueller, developed a sunscreen formula in 1936. In 1938, an Austrian chemist named Franz Greiter invented one of the first big sunscreen products. Greiters sunscreen was called Gletscher Crà ¨me or Glacier Cream and had a sun protection factor (SPF) of two. The formula for Glacier Cream was picked up by a company called Piz Buin, which was named after the place Greiter was sunburned and thus inspired to invent sunscreen. In the United States, one of the first sunscreen products to become popular was invented for the military by Florida airman and pharmacist Benjamin Green in 1944. This came about because of the hazards of sun overexposure to soldiers in the Pacific tropics at the height of  World War II.   Greens patented sunscreen was called Red Vet Pet, for red veterinary  petrolatum. It was a disagreeable red, sticky substance similar to petroleum jelly. His patent was bought by Coppertone, which later improved and commercialized the substance. They sold it as the Coppertone Girl and Bain de Soleil brands in the early 1950s. A Standardized Rating With sunscreen products becoming widely used, it was important to standardize the strength and effectiveness of each product. Thats why Greiter also invented the SPF rating in 1962. An SPF rating is a measure of the fraction of sunburn-producing UV rays that reach the skin. For example, SPF 15 means that 1/15th of the burning radiation will reach the skin (assuming the sunscreen is applied evenly at a thick  dosage  of two milligrams per square centimeter). A user can determine the effectiveness of a sunscreen by multiplying the SPF factor by the length of time it takes for him or her to suffer a burn without sunscreen. For example, if a person develops a sunburn in 10 minutes when not wearing a sunscreen product, that person in the same intensity of sunlight will avoid sunburn for 150 minutes if wearing a sunscreen with an SPF of 15. Further Sunscreen Development After the U.S. Food and Drug Administration first adopted the SPF calculation in 1978, sunscreen labeling standards have continued to evolve.  The FDA issued a comprehensive set of rules in June of 2011 designed to help consumers identify and select suitable sunscreen products that offered protection from sunburn, early skin aging, and skin cancer. Water-resistant sunscreens were introduced in 1977. More recent development efforts have focused on making sunscreen protection both longer-lasting and broader-spectrum, as well as more appealing to use. In 1980, Coppertone developed the first UVA/UVB sunscreen, which protects skin from both long- and short-wave UV rays.

Essay on Tralfamadore- Truth or Imagination - 758 Words

Can troublesome war experiences really play a role in causing hallucinations? A hallucination is a sensory experience of something that does not exist outside of one’s mind. An individual who suffers from hallucinations is Billy Pilgrim. Billy, a person who can supposedly time travel, jumps between his time on the alien planet Tralfamadore, his experiences during World War II, and his captivity in a German prison camp. His hallucinations may have been caused by the airplane crash that damaged his brain. He believes that there is a planet named Tralfamadore, far from Earth, and that he has been kidnapped and taken there to be studied. Throughout the novel, Billy believes that what he sees is real while many others, like his daughter†¦show more content†¦Furthering the resemblance between Billys hallucinations and The Big Board, a girl is also kidnapped and taken to planet Tralfamadore. She is a woman named Montana Wildhack, who is also displayed in a zoo, naked, and is forced to mate with Billy. Billy’s imagination appears to be coming right out of the book because his experiences on Tralfamadore mirror what happens to the people in the book. Also he reads a lot of Kilgore Trout books and they are all about science fiction and aliens. Just like Zircon-212, Tralfamadore is not because Billy remembers what he has read in Kilgore Trouts books and makes it into his reality. Billy not only consumes the plot from Kilgore Trout books but also uses his personal experiences to trigger Tralfamadore. Billy’s similarities between his personal experiences and his life at Tralfamadore question the existence of that planet. People, when they go to war, return with very disturbing memories. Since Billy went to war, one could see that he makes a getaway from the horrors of war by letting his thoughts run desolate and creating a fictional planet named Tralfamadore. One time is when he was kidnapped and he was â€Å"introduced to an anesthetic to put him to sleep† (77). As soon as he fell asleep he felt the acceleration of the saucer as it left Earth and regained consciousness to when he was in a boxcarShow MoreRelated Comic and Tragic Elements in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five1485 Words   |  6 Pageseach dimension by contrasts in its comic and tragic elements. The historical seriousness of the Battle of the Bulge and the bombing of Dresden are c ontrasted by many ironies and dark humor; the fantastical, science-fiction-type place of Tralfamadore is, in truth, an outlet for Vonnegut to show his incredibly serious fatalistic views. The surprising variations of the seriousness and light-heartedness allow Vonnegut to show effectively that war is absurd. The most important historical plot strandRead MoreInsanity of War in Slaughterhouse Five1504 Words   |  7 Pageseach dimension by contrasts in its comic and tragic elements. The historical seriousness of the Battle of the Bulge and the bombing of Dresden are contrasted by many ironies and dark humor; the fantastical, science-fiction-type place of Tralfamadore is, in truth, an outlet for Vonnegut to show his incredibly serious fatalistic views. The surprising variations of the seriousness and light-heartedness allow Vonnegut to show effectively that war is absurd. The most important historical plot strandRead MoreTralfamadore: An Escape To Sanity1879 Words   |  8 Pagestime-traveling World War II chaplain’s assistant, through his wartime experiences as well as his expeditions to Tralfamadore, the planet where he is taken and put on display by aliens who strongly resemble plungers. The Tralfamadorians teach Billy the concept that time is unalterable, and that any event that happens has happened and will forever happen. There is no free will on Tralfamadore. Destiny is unalterable: I am a Tralfamadorian, seeing all time as you might see a stretch of the RockyRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Tragic Path to Success1128 Words   |  5 Pagestoo simplistic, he has a following of readers who like his imagination and sense of humor, both humorous and dark. He was both irreverent and highly moral at the same time, and this unusual combination has made his voice fundamental to American literature. Kurt Vonneguts most notable work the classic Slaughterhouse-Five starts with Billy Pilgrim, a man who becomes unstuck in time after he is taken by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore. In a scrambling display of skill, it follows Pilgrim concurrentlyRead More The Thought-experiments in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five or the Childrens Crusade: A Duty Da3375 Words   |  14 Pagescosmic irony with its continuous laughter at systems and philosophies and its paradoxically pragmatic attempts at dealing with the new view of reality (Lundquist 88). The reader is left with an uncertainty of where the actual experience ends and imagination begins. The novel forces the reader to become more involved with the text, suspecting the validity of every piece of the novel; the reader is brought closer into the text, closing the gap between the reader and the author. Thus Vonnegut transformsRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2534 Words   |  11 Pagesappearance and reality, and to show how human beings distort or conceal the latter’. The role of unreliable narrator within science-fiction is rendered yet more complicated through the introduction of an array of plot mechanisms limited only by the imagination of the author. Similarly, narrative reliability can become confused through the employment of altered mental states. This essay will consider mental illness and the use of intoxicants (specifically illegal psychoactive substances) within a pairing

Managing People in Organization in Kazakhstan

Question: Discuss the management of employees in Kazakhstan is situated at the core of Asia? Answer: Introduction Every business organization faces several issues in the management of diversity of employees in an effective manner (Essen, 2005). Therefore, it is very important for the organization to manage the diversities in order to sustain in the business world. Management of employees The country Kazakhstan is situated at the core of Asia. The citizens who are present in the country are generally Muslims by religion. The differences in culture play a negative impact among these people in the country of United Kingdom. These are in relation with the behaviour that is expected from the countries of Asia. These cultural differences act as a barrier between the relationships of employees of a particular business organization (Iverson, 2000). The corporate culture adds up to the differences of the behaviour of the employees of the organization in a negative manner. In Kazakhstan, business relationship management plays the most effective part in all the existing business of the organizations present in the country. Business relationships and business dealings assists to cater through the prospective clients in a positive manner. This is generally observed to add official greetings among the business colleagues of the organization. Formal greetings also have a positive p art in the country of Kazakhstan, irrespective of the time based culture among the people. In United Kingdom, the scenario is totally different. The formal business meetings are directly linked with the regularities in daily life of the employees. The business environment in United Kingdom is totally rigid and formal in nature. In an organization, an issue can also arise due to the ineffectiveness of personal space. In the countries of United Kingdom and Kazakhstan, in an organization several individual spaces can be kept among all the prospective employees both in short run and as well as in long run (Kim Lee, 2014). In case of Kazakhstan, the individual space of the employees is on the lower side and there is no scope for perceived close relation or any sort of intimate relations. However, this is not in the case of United Kingdom. There, the managers and the supervisors share positive terms with each other (Lowther, 2006). Therefore, the leadership requirements in both the countries are different to each other. Kazakhstan follows a more bureaucratic leadership style and in case of United Kingdom, Germane and other European countries, they follow a transactional form of leadership of transformational form of leadership in an effective manner. Both these leadership styles have several merits as well as demerits. It further depends upon the ability of dealing with the people in an effective manner. The two main criteria that can be evaluated in the given case are trust, bonding, loyalty and formation of justice. Conclusion It can be further concluded that all the multinational business organizations face several issues to enter into new markets or new domain. Therefore, it is of great essence for them to nullify the difference of culture and religion of the employees and stuff in an effective manner. If the organization is successful, then the organization will be highly successful to compete with the competitors with diverse range of employees. References Esen, E. (2005). 2005 workplace diversity practices. Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management. Iverson, K. (2000). Managing for Effective Workforce Diversity: Identifying Issues that Are of Concern to Employees. Cornell Hotel And Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(2), 31-38. Kim, H., Lee, U. (2014). Managing workplace diversity and employees' turnover intention: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal Of Digital Convergence, 12(10), 145-156 Lowther, R. (2006). Embracing and managing diversity at Dell: Introducing flexible working and a womens network to help retain key employees. Strategic HR Review, 5(6), 16-19.

Why Is It Important To Study The Holocaust Essay Example For Students

Why Is It Important To Study The Holocaust Essay #65279;Analysis of the HolocaustOf all the examples of injustice against humanity in history, the Jewish Holocaust has to beone of the most prominent. In the period of 1933 to 1945, the Nazis waged a vicious war againstJews and other lesser races. This war came to a head with the Final Solution in 1938. One ofthe end results of the Final Solution was the horrible concentration and death camps of Germany,Poland, and other parts of Nazi-controlled Europe. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, peoplearound the world were shocked by final tallies of human losses, and the people responsible werepunished for their inhuman acts. The Holocaust was a dark time in the history of the 20th century. We will write a custom essay on Why Is It Important To Study The Holocaust specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One can trace the beginnings of the Holocaust as far back as 1933, when the Nazi party ofGermany, lead by Adolf Hitler, came to power. Hitlers anti-Jew campaign began soon afterward,with the Nuremberg Laws, which defined the meaning of being Jewish based on ancestry. These laws also forced segregation between Jews and the rest of the public. It was only a dimindication of what the future held for European Jews. Anti-Jewish aggression continued for years after the passing of the Nuremberg Laws. One ofthese was the Aryanization of Jewish property and business. Jews were progressively forcedout of the economy of Germany, their assets turned over to the government and the Germanpublic. Other forms of degradation were pogroms, or organized demonstrations against Jews. Thefirst, and most infamous, of these pogroms was Krystallnacht, or The night of broken glass. This pogrom was prompted by the assassination of Ernst von Rath, a German diplomat, by 1 2Herschel Grymozpan in Paris on November 7th, 1938. Two days later, an act of retaliation wasorganized by Joseph Gobbels to attack Jews in Germany. On the nights of November 9th and10th, over 7,000 Jewish businesses were destroyed, 175 synagogues demolished, nearly 100 Jewshad been killed, and thousands more had been injured, all for the assassination of one official bya Jew. In many ways, this was the first major act of violence to Jews made by the Nazis. Theirintentions were now clear. The Nazis plans for the Jews of Europe were outlined in the FinalSolution to the Jewish question in 1938. In a meeting of some of Hitlers top officials, the ideaof the complete annihilation of Jews in Europe was hatched. By the time the meeting was over,the Final Solution had been created. The plans included in the Final Solution included thedeportation, exploitation, and eventual extermination of European Jews. In September 1939,Germany invaded western Poland. Most, if not all Jews in German-occupied lands were roundedup and taken to ghettos or concentration camps. The ghettos were located inside cities, and werea sort of city/prison to segregate Jews from the rest of the public. Conditions in the ghettosincluded overcrowding, lack of food, and lack of sanitation, as well as brutality by Nazi guards. Quality of life in a ghetto was probably not much above that in a concentration camp. In June1941, Germany continued its invasion of Europe by attacking and capturing some of the westernU.S.S.R. By this time, most of the Jews in Europe now lived in lands controlled by NaziGermany. The SS deployed 3000 death squads, or Einstagruppen, to dispatch Jews in largenumbers. In September 1941, all Jews were forced to wear yellow Stars of David on their armsor coats. A Jew could be killed with little repercussions for not displaying the Star of David inpublic. Some of the first Jewish resistance to the Final Solution came in 1943, when the process 3of deportation to concentration and death camps was in full swing. The Warsaw ghetto in Poland,once numbering over 365,000, had been reduced to only 65,000 by the continuing removal ofJews to camps in other lands. When the Nazis came to round up the remaining inhabitants of theghetto, they were met with resistance from the small force of armed Jews . The revolt lasted foralmost three weeks before being subdued. .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 , .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .postImageUrl , .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 , .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221:hover , .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221:visited , .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221:active { border:0!important; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221:active , .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221 .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2f07f350fd8d30e4079c65340262221:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Language Arts Socratic Seminar Questions EssayBetween the years of 1941 to 1945, the main destination for Jews to be transported was aconcentration camp or death camp somewhere in Poland or Germany. In these camps, innocentJews, along with Gypsies, Slavs, Jehovas Witnesses, Communists, and P.O.W.s, were brutallybeaten and abused, fed meager rations of poor food,